The Theory of Everything

If we drop a billiard ball in a container filled with water, it is the volume of the ball, and not its mass, which produces the water displacement.

The same phenomenon also exists in spacetime. Contrary to preconceived ideas, it is the volume of elementary particles, and not their mass, which deforms spacetime. So:

Open and closed volumes

Let's now replace the billiard ball used in the preceding example by a balloon having the same volume. This does not change anything.

The same phenomenon also exists in quantum mechanics. We have two classes of volumes:

• Closed volumes (fig. A): These volumes make a displacement of spacetime. As we will see further, the spacetime curvature produces a "mass effect". So, closed volumes have a real mass-volume equivalence, which may be written: m=k.v, with k=conversion constant, 5.9239x10¹⁷ kg/m³ for the proton (CODATA 2006). Nuclear matter like quarks, electrons, protons, neutrons, muons, mesons, lambdas... are examples of closed volumes.
• Open Volumes (fig. B): These volumes exist but do not produce any displacement of spacetime. If there is no curvature, there is no "mass effect" either. Orbitals of atoms are examples of open volumes.

All objects of the universe are combinations of closed volumes (with mass) and open volumes (massless). This is why we have the illusion, on Earth, that mass and volume are two different dimensions.

Gravity

Since spacetime is elastic (Einstein), its curvature produces pressures on two closed volumes. This tends to bring them closer to each other.

Therefore, contrary to preconceived ideas,

Gravity is not a mysterious attractive force between masses, but a simple pressure force (Hooke Force) exerted by spacetime on closed volumes.

Finally, the mass and gravity enigma is very simple to understand. Moreover, contrary to the Higgs Model or the String Theory, we don't need extra dimensions to explain this basic phenomenon.

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The proposed explanation is an abstract of a free of charge 54 pages PDF document. The download commands are located at the end of this webpage. The content of this PDF document is:

• Open and Closed volumes
• Gravity
• Validation by Experimentation
• Mass-Volume Conversion
• The Schwarzschild Metric
• The Newton Law

A mathematical demonstration of the proposed explanation is included in the downloadable PDF document. In particular, the Schwarzschild Metric and Newton Law are not calculated from EFE (Einstein-Hilbert Field Equations) but from scratch, starting with the Hooke Law.

For over a century, since 1905, the wave-particle duality has remained an enigma. However, there is an exception that fully solves this mystery (see the two examples on the figure):

Wave-particle duality appears only in the particular situation where the wave and the particle are of the same constitution.

In this case - but only in this case -, the wave-particle duality is no longer an enigma.

Charge, Matter

The logical solving of the wave-particle duality enigma means that if we know the nature of waves, we will automatically know the nature of particles, since waves and particles have the same constitution. This enigma is solved in the Part 2 PDF document (see the download URL at the end of this webpage).

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Explanation of the Constitution of Matter is a short abstract of a free of charge 40 pages PDF document. The download commands are located at the end of this webpage. The content of this PDF document is:

• Wave-Particle Duality
• EM Radiations
• Movements in Spacetime
• Forces in Spacetime
• Electron-Positron Annihilation
• Nature of Particles
• Clarification

The Spacetime Model demonstrates that we need two positrons to make three u quarks. A u quark with an electron becomes a d quark (the rule of addition of fermions is covered in Part 4). This deduction, from the wave-particle duality and spacetime, has been extended to all particles. Finally, all basic particles of the Standard Model (u quarks, d quarks, antiquarks, muons, antimuons, taus, neutrinos...) and therefore composite particles (protons, neutrons, mesons, lambdas etc...) are made up with only two basic particles: electrons and positrons.

Antimatter

From this discovery, we can deduce that antimatter is not located at the bottom of the universe but right before our eyes, embedded in quarks. A simple calculation demonstrates that any atom is made of an equal number of electrons and positrons, exactly 2A (A = atomic number). For example, the O16 is made of 32 electrons and 32 positrons, the latter being embedded in quarks (see the table below). This calculation is 100% accurate for the 2930 known isotopes.

As an example, the following figure shows the calculation for isobars A=16 (please refer to the PDF document to have the explanation of each column).

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This explanation of electromagnetism is a short abstract of a free of charge 44 pages PDF document. The download command is located at the end of this webpage. The content of this PDF document is:

• µDomains
• The Distributed Charge Model
• Atoms
• U and d Quarks
• Antimatter
• Nucleons
• Interactions
• The Standard Model

Explanation of the wave-particle duality mystery (Part 1) leads to a full knowledge of electromagnetism.

In short, when a charged particle is motionless, its electric field is in a spherical symmetry. When the particle moves, it becomes a wave and its spherical symmetry disappears. Its 1D space is transformed into a 2D/3D space. A magnetic component is added to the electric field (1D) of the particle. This phenomenon is identical to that of a water drop (1D spherical symmetry) which becomes a water wave (3D).

This explanation is proven by experimentation (Δq/Δt).

Note: the photon concept, Young Slits, EPR, E=mc² enigma... are explained in this part.

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This explanation of quarks and antimatter is a short abstract of a free of charge 48 pages PDF document. The download command is located at the end of this webpage. The content of this PDF document is:

• EM Radiations
• Electromagnetism
• The Photon
• Waves and Complements

Part 5 covers the unification of forces and miscellaneous subjects.

At the end of Part 5, a suggestion regarding the creation of the universe is given. In reality, the Big-Bang Theory does not explain the "electron mystery". This enigma is discussed in Part 5.

The Spacetime Model offers two logical suggestions regarding the creation of the universe. There may be other solutions, but the Big-Bang Theory is not fundamentally correct since it doesn't solve the "electron mystery".

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These explanations are a short abstract of a free of charge 44 pages PDF document. The download command is located at the end of this webpage. The content of this PDF document is:

• Nucleus
• Quarks and mesons
• Radioactivity
• Forces
• The Universe

Conclusions

Since 1905, some fundamental enigmas, like the wave-particle duality, have never been solved. Today, with more than 50 unsolved enigmas, modern physics has reached a deadlock. Indeed, no one is able to explain fundamental phenomena like charge, mass, gravity... with simplicity and consistency.

So, the author went back to the early 1900's to solve the very first enigmas of quantum mechanics, taking experimentation in account. Some highly debatable theories based on preconceived ideas were dropped. For example, positrons, which flow out of the nucleus (beta+), is the sign that antimatter may be located inside the quarks. This possibility must not be rejected. Searching antimatter in the deep universe without any good reason to do it is one of these preconceived ideas that must dropped.

Finally, the Spacetime Model demonstrates that:

1. This new theory is very simple. The basic laws of quantum mechanics are not imbedded in increasingly complex theories but, on the contrary, in simplicity.
2. The Spacetime Model solves 53 enigmas of quantum mechanics. It is not quite by chance that this new theory solves so many enigmas without any contradiction with experimentation.
3. This new theory needs only four dimensions. All particles (quarks, neutrinos...) and basic phenomenas of the universe (mass, gravity, strong nuclear force...) are fully described with only four dimensions: x, y, z and t. Therefore, it is not necessary to add extra dimensions as in some alternative theories like the Higgs Boson or Strings.

Author: Jacky JEROME

Comments from physicists...

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Download commands

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Cover (full color JPEG A4 image)

8 pages introduction

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